12 hours ago
Thursday, August 27, 2009
Friday, August 21, 2009
FDC from Mauritius／FDC du Maurice
24th summit SADC／24ème sommet SADC
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is an inter-governmental organization headquartered in Gaborone, Botswana. Its goal is to further socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 15 southern African states. It complements the role of the African Union.
The origins of SADC lie in the 1960s and 1970s, when the leaders of majority-ruled countries and national liberation movements coordinated their political, diplomatic and military struggles to bring an end to colonial and white-minority rule in southern Africa. The immediate forerunner of the political and security cooperation leg of today's SADC was the informal Front Line States (FLS) grouping. It was formed in 1980.
The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) was the forerunner of the socio-economic cooperation leg of today's SADC. The adoption by nine majority-ruled southern African countries of the Lusaka declaration on 1 April 1980 paved the way for the formal establishment of SADCC in April 1980.
Membership of the FLS and SADCC sometimes differed.
SADCC was transformed into SADC on 17 August 1992, with the adoption by the founding members of SADCC and newly independent Namibia of the Windhoek declaration and treaty establishing SADC. The 1992 SADC provided for both socio-economic cooperation and political and security cooperation. In reality, the FLS was dissolved only in 1994, after South Africa's first democratic elections. Subsequent efforts to place political and security cooperation on a firm institutional footing under SADC's umbrella failed.
On 14 August 2001, the 1992 SADC treaty was amended. The amendment heralded the overhaul of the structures, policies and procedures of SADC, a process which is ongoing. One of the changes is that political and security cooperation is institutionalised in the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS). One of the principal SADC bodies, it is subject to the oversight of the organisation's supreme body, the Summit, which comprises the heads of state or government.
In 2008, the SADC agreed to establish a free trade zone with the East African Community (EAC) and the Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) including all members of each of the organizations.
Since 2000 began the formation of the SADC Free trade area with the participation of the SACU countries (South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland). Next to join were Mauritius, Zimbabwe, and Madagascar. In 2008 joined Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia bringing the total number of SADC FTA members to 12. Angola, DR Congo and Seychelles are not yet participating.
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) is an inter-governmental organization headquartered in Gaborone, Botswana. Its goal is to further socio-economic cooperation and integration as well as political and security cooperation among 15 southern African states. It complements the role of the African Union.
The origins of SADC lie in the 1960s and 1970s, when the leaders of majority-ruled countries and national liberation movements coordinated their political, diplomatic and military struggles to bring an end to colonial and white-minority rule in southern Africa. The immediate forerunner of the political and security cooperation leg of today's SADC was the informal Front Line States (FLS) grouping. It was formed in 1980.
The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) was the forerunner of the socio-economic cooperation leg of today's SADC. The adoption by nine majority-ruled southern African countries of the Lusaka declaration on 1 April 1980 paved the way for the formal establishment of SADCC in April 1980.
Membership of the FLS and SADCC sometimes differed.
SADCC was transformed into SADC on 17 August 1992, with the adoption by the founding members of SADCC and newly independent Namibia of the Windhoek declaration and treaty establishing SADC. The 1992 SADC provided for both socio-economic cooperation and political and security cooperation. In reality, the FLS was dissolved only in 1994, after South Africa's first democratic elections. Subsequent efforts to place political and security cooperation on a firm institutional footing under SADC's umbrella failed.
On 14 August 2001, the 1992 SADC treaty was amended. The amendment heralded the overhaul of the structures, policies and procedures of SADC, a process which is ongoing. One of the changes is that political and security cooperation is institutionalised in the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security (OPDS). One of the principal SADC bodies, it is subject to the oversight of the organisation's supreme body, the Summit, which comprises the heads of state or government.
In 2008, the SADC agreed to establish a free trade zone with the East African Community (EAC) and the Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) including all members of each of the organizations.
Since 2000 began the formation of the SADC Free trade area with the participation of the SACU countries (South Africa, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, and Swaziland). Next to join were Mauritius, Zimbabwe, and Madagascar. In 2008 joined Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Zambia bringing the total number of SADC FTA members to 12. Angola, DR Congo and Seychelles are not yet participating.
Friday, August 14, 2009
FDC from Russia／FDC de la russie
Birth Bicentenary of Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol／
Bicentenaire de Naissance de Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Russian: Никола́й Васи́льевич Го́голь, Nikolaj Vasil'evič Gogol' ; Ukrainian: Мико́ла Васи́льович Го́голь, Mykola Vasylovych Hohol) (31 March [O.S. 19 March] 1809,– 4 March [O.S. 21 February] 1852) was a Ukrainian-born Russian novelist, humorist, and dramatist.[1] His early works, such as Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, were heavily influenced by his Ukrainian upbringing and identity.
He is considered the father of modern Russian realism. His writing satirised the corrupt bureaucracy of the Russian Empire, leading to his exile. On his return, he immersed himself in the Orthodox Church.[4] The novels Taras Bul'ba (1835; 1842) and Dead Souls (1842), the play The Inspector-General (1836, 1842), and the short stories Diary of a Madman, The Nose and The Overcoat (1842) are among his best known works. With their scrupulous and scathing realism, ethical criticism as well as philosophical depth, they remain some of the most important works of world literature.
Bicentenaire de Naissance de Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol
Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol (Russian: Никола́й Васи́льевич Го́голь, Nikolaj Vasil'evič Gogol' ; Ukrainian: Мико́ла Васи́льович Го́голь, Mykola Vasylovych Hohol) (31 March [O.S. 19 March] 1809,– 4 March [O.S. 21 February] 1852) was a Ukrainian-born Russian novelist, humorist, and dramatist.[1] His early works, such as Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, were heavily influenced by his Ukrainian upbringing and identity.
He is considered the father of modern Russian realism. His writing satirised the corrupt bureaucracy of the Russian Empire, leading to his exile. On his return, he immersed himself in the Orthodox Church.[4] The novels Taras Bul'ba (1835; 1842) and Dead Souls (1842), the play The Inspector-General (1836, 1842), and the short stories Diary of a Madman, The Nose and The Overcoat (1842) are among his best known works. With their scrupulous and scathing realism, ethical criticism as well as philosophical depth, they remain some of the most important works of world literature.
Sunday, August 9, 2009
FDC from Russia／FDC de la russie
75th Birth Anniversary of Yuri. A. Gagarin／
75ème Anniversaire de Naissance d'Yuri. A. Gagarin.
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин) (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968), Hero of the Soviet Union, was a Soviet cosmonaut. On 12 April 1961, he became the first human in outer space and the first to orbit the Earth. He received medals from around the world for his pioneering tour in space.
Yuri Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino near Gzhatsk (now in Smolensk Oblast, Russia), on 9 March 1934. The adjacent town of Gzhatsk was renamed Gagarin in 1968 in his honour. His parents, Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina, worked on a collective farm.While manual labourers are described in official reports as "peasants", this may be an oversimplification if applied to his parents — his mother was reportedly a voracious reader, and his father a skilled carpenter. Yuri was the third of four children, and his elder sister helped raise him while his parents worked. Like millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World War II. His two elder siblings were sent to Germany as slave labourers in 1943, and did not return until after the war. While a youth, Yuri became interested in space and planets, and began to dream about his space tour which would one day become a reality.Yuri was described by his teachers in the Moscow satellite town of Lyubertsy as intelligent and hard-working, if occasionally mischievous. His mathematics and science teacher had flown in the Soviet Air Forces during the war, which presumably made some substantial impression on young Gagarin.
After starting an apprenticeship in a metalworks as a foundryman, Gagarin was selected for further training at a technical high school in Saratov. While there, he joined the "AeroClub", and learned to fly a light aircraft, a hobby that would take up an increasing proportion of his time. By dint of effort, rather than brilliance, he reportedly mastered both; in 1955, after completing his technical schooling, he entered military flight training at the Orenburg Pilot's School. While there he met Valentina Goryacheva, whom he married in 1957, after gaining his pilot's wings in a MiG-15. Post-graduation, he was assigned to Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast, close to the Norwegian border, where terrible weather made flying risky. As a full-grown man, Gagarin was 1.57 metres (5 ft 2 in) tall, which was an advantage in the small Vostok cockpit.He became Lieutenant of the Soviet Air Force on 5 November 1957 and on 6 November 1959 he received the rank of Senior Lieutenant.
In 1960, after the search and selection process, Yuri Gagarin was selected with 19 other cosmonauts for the Soviet space program. Along with the other prospective cosmonauts, he was subjected to experiments designed to test his physical and psychological endurance; he also underwent training for the upcoming flight. Out of the twenty selected, the eventual choices for the first launch were Gagarin and Gherman Titov because of their performance in training, as well as their physical characteristics — space was at a premium in the small Vostok cockpit and both men were rather short.
On 12 April 1961, Gagarin became the first human to travel into space, launching to orbit aboard the Vostok 3KA-2 (Vostok 1). His call sign in this flight was Kedr (Cedar; Russian: Кедр).During his flight, Gagarin famously whistled the tune "The Motherland Hears, The Motherland Knows" (Russian: "Родина слышит, Родина знает"). The first two lines of the song are: "The Motherland hears, the Motherland knows/Where her son flies in the sky". This patriotic song was written by Dmitri Shostakovich in 1951 (opus 86), with words by Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky.
Around the same time, some Western sources claimed that Gagarin, during his space flight, had made the comment, "I don't see any God up here." However, no such words appear in the verbatim record of Gagarin's conversations with the Earth during the spaceflight.In a 2006 interview a close friend of Gagarin, Colonel Valentin Petrov, stated that Gagarin never said such words, and that the phrase originated from Nikita Khrushchev's speech at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, where the anti-religious propaganda was discussed. In a certain context Khrushchev said, "Gagarin flew into space, but didn't see any God there".Colonel Petrov also said that Gagarin had been baptised into the Orthodox Church as a child.
After the flight, Gagarin became a worldwide celebrity, touring widely with appearances in Italy, Great Britain, Germany, Canada, and Japan to promote the Soviet achievement.
In 1962, he began serving as a deputy to the Supreme Soviet. He later returned to Star City, the cosmonaut facility, where he worked on designs for a reusable spacecraft. Gagarin worked on these designs in Star City for 7 years. Gagarin became Lieutenant Colonel (or Podpolkovnik) of the Soviet Air Force on 12 June 1962 and on 6 November 1963 he received the rank of Colonel (Polkovnik) of the Soviet Air Force.Soviet officials tried to keep him away from any flights, being worried of losing their hero in an accident. Gagarin was backup pilot for Vladimir Komarov in the Soyuz 1 flight. As Komarov's flight ended in a fatal crash, Gagarin was ultimately banned from training for and participating in further spaceflights.
75ème Anniversaire de Naissance d'Yuri. A. Gagarin.
Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (Russian: Ю́рий Алексе́евич Гага́рин) (9 March 1934 – 27 March 1968), Hero of the Soviet Union, was a Soviet cosmonaut. On 12 April 1961, he became the first human in outer space and the first to orbit the Earth. He received medals from around the world for his pioneering tour in space.Yuri Gagarin was born in the village of Klushino near Gzhatsk (now in Smolensk Oblast, Russia), on 9 March 1934. The adjacent town of Gzhatsk was renamed Gagarin in 1968 in his honour. His parents, Alexey Ivanovich Gagarin and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina, worked on a collective farm.While manual labourers are described in official reports as "peasants", this may be an oversimplification if applied to his parents — his mother was reportedly a voracious reader, and his father a skilled carpenter. Yuri was the third of four children, and his elder sister helped raise him while his parents worked. Like millions of people in the Soviet Union, the Gagarin family suffered during Nazi occupation in World War II. His two elder siblings were sent to Germany as slave labourers in 1943, and did not return until after the war. While a youth, Yuri became interested in space and planets, and began to dream about his space tour which would one day become a reality.Yuri was described by his teachers in the Moscow satellite town of Lyubertsy as intelligent and hard-working, if occasionally mischievous. His mathematics and science teacher had flown in the Soviet Air Forces during the war, which presumably made some substantial impression on young Gagarin.
After starting an apprenticeship in a metalworks as a foundryman, Gagarin was selected for further training at a technical high school in Saratov. While there, he joined the "AeroClub", and learned to fly a light aircraft, a hobby that would take up an increasing proportion of his time. By dint of effort, rather than brilliance, he reportedly mastered both; in 1955, after completing his technical schooling, he entered military flight training at the Orenburg Pilot's School. While there he met Valentina Goryacheva, whom he married in 1957, after gaining his pilot's wings in a MiG-15. Post-graduation, he was assigned to Luostari airbase in Murmansk Oblast, close to the Norwegian border, where terrible weather made flying risky. As a full-grown man, Gagarin was 1.57 metres (5 ft 2 in) tall, which was an advantage in the small Vostok cockpit.He became Lieutenant of the Soviet Air Force on 5 November 1957 and on 6 November 1959 he received the rank of Senior Lieutenant.
In 1960, after the search and selection process, Yuri Gagarin was selected with 19 other cosmonauts for the Soviet space program. Along with the other prospective cosmonauts, he was subjected to experiments designed to test his physical and psychological endurance; he also underwent training for the upcoming flight. Out of the twenty selected, the eventual choices for the first launch were Gagarin and Gherman Titov because of their performance in training, as well as their physical characteristics — space was at a premium in the small Vostok cockpit and both men were rather short.
On 12 April 1961, Gagarin became the first human to travel into space, launching to orbit aboard the Vostok 3KA-2 (Vostok 1). His call sign in this flight was Kedr (Cedar; Russian: Кедр).During his flight, Gagarin famously whistled the tune "The Motherland Hears, The Motherland Knows" (Russian: "Родина слышит, Родина знает"). The first two lines of the song are: "The Motherland hears, the Motherland knows/Where her son flies in the sky". This patriotic song was written by Dmitri Shostakovich in 1951 (opus 86), with words by Yevgeniy Dolmatovsky.
Around the same time, some Western sources claimed that Gagarin, during his space flight, had made the comment, "I don't see any God up here." However, no such words appear in the verbatim record of Gagarin's conversations with the Earth during the spaceflight.In a 2006 interview a close friend of Gagarin, Colonel Valentin Petrov, stated that Gagarin never said such words, and that the phrase originated from Nikita Khrushchev's speech at the plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, where the anti-religious propaganda was discussed. In a certain context Khrushchev said, "Gagarin flew into space, but didn't see any God there".Colonel Petrov also said that Gagarin had been baptised into the Orthodox Church as a child.
After the flight, Gagarin became a worldwide celebrity, touring widely with appearances in Italy, Great Britain, Germany, Canada, and Japan to promote the Soviet achievement.
In 1962, he began serving as a deputy to the Supreme Soviet. He later returned to Star City, the cosmonaut facility, where he worked on designs for a reusable spacecraft. Gagarin worked on these designs in Star City for 7 years. Gagarin became Lieutenant Colonel (or Podpolkovnik) of the Soviet Air Force on 12 June 1962 and on 6 November 1963 he received the rank of Colonel (Polkovnik) of the Soviet Air Force.Soviet officials tried to keep him away from any flights, being worried of losing their hero in an accident. Gagarin was backup pilot for Vladimir Komarov in the Soyuz 1 flight. As Komarov's flight ended in a fatal crash, Gagarin was ultimately banned from training for and participating in further spaceflights.
Thursday, August 6, 2009
FDC from Vietnam／FDC du Vietnam
Rhododendron／Le rhododendron
Rhododendron (from the Greek: rhodos, "rose", and dendron, "tree") is a genus of flowering plants in the family Ercaceae.
Rhododendron (from the Greek: rhodos, "rose", and dendron, "tree") is a genus of flowering plants in the family Ercaceae.
It is a large genus with over 1000 species which very rich variety of types, sizes and colors. They are only natural distribution in high mountain areas, where climate is cool.
In the world, Rhododendron is a very widely distributed genus, occurring throughout most of Northern America in temperate zone, extending into the highland of Asia-Euro-Eastern Asia and with other significant areas of diversity in
In
Rhododendrons with its tender fineness are used extensively as ornamental plants in landscaping in many parts of the world.
It is the National Flower of Nepal and also the State Flower of West Virginia and Washington in
On the First of August 2009, the Ministry of Information and Communications (MIC) specially issues the stampset: “Rhododendrons” consisting of 04 values with their denominations of 500d; 1,200d; 4,500d and 14,500d.
The stampset shows the four typical species of Rhododendron in
- Value 4-1: denomination of 500d - Rhododendron fortunei Lindl.
- Value 4-2: denomination of 1,200d - Rhododendron simsii Planch.
- Value 4-3: denomination of 4,500d - Rhododendron sp.
Monday, August 3, 2009
FDC from Belarus／FDC du Bélarus
65th liberation anniversary of Belarus from German fascist invaders.／
Le 65ème anniversaire de libération de la Bélarus des envahisseurs fascistes allemands.
Le 65ème anniversaire de libération de la Bélarus des envahisseurs fascistes allemands.
On June 26, 2009 the Ministry of Communications and Informatization of the Republic of Belarus
will issue a souvenir sheet “60th liberation anniversary of Belarus from German fascist invaders”.
Friday, July 31, 2009
FDC from Japan／FDC du Japan
Hello Kitty
Hello Kitty (ハローキティ, Harō Kiti), is a fictional character produced by the Japanese company Sanrio. Designed by Ikuko Shimizu, the first product, a vinyl coin purse, was introduced in Japan in 1974, and in the United States in 1976.
The Hello Kitty line has since developed licensing arrangements worth more than $1 billion a year in sales. Examples of products depicting the character include dolls, stickers and greeting cards to clothes, accessories, school supplies, dishes and home appliances. Hello Kitty has an official theme park, Sanrio Puroland.
Hello Kitty (ハローキティ, Harōkiti) est un des nombreux personnages créés par la société japonaise Sanrio. Les produits Hello Kitty utilisent généralement des couleurs rose vif et sont reconnaissables par le logo représentant une petite chatte blanche avec un ruban sur la tête. Le copyright date de 1976 et Hello Kitty est maintenant une marque déposée. La société de jeu vidéo japonaise SEGA a racheté les droits fin 2006.
Hello Kitty (ハローキティ, Harō Kiti), is a fictional character produced by the Japanese company Sanrio. Designed by Ikuko Shimizu, the first product, a vinyl coin purse, was introduced in Japan in 1974, and in the United States in 1976.
The Hello Kitty line has since developed licensing arrangements worth more than $1 billion a year in sales. Examples of products depicting the character include dolls, stickers and greeting cards to clothes, accessories, school supplies, dishes and home appliances. Hello Kitty has an official theme park, Sanrio Puroland.
Hello Kitty (ハローキティ, Harōkiti) est un des nombreux personnages créés par la société japonaise Sanrio. Les produits Hello Kitty utilisent généralement des couleurs rose vif et sont reconnaissables par le logo représentant une petite chatte blanche avec un ruban sur la tête. Le copyright date de 1976 et Hello Kitty est maintenant une marque déposée. La société de jeu vidéo japonaise SEGA a racheté les droits fin 2006.
FDC from Japan／FDC du Japan
The 60th Anniversary of Enforcement of The Local Autonomy Law Series-Niigata Prefecture／
Le soixantième anniversaire de l'application de la loi locale d'autonomie-Préfecture de Niigata
Niigata prefecture (新潟県, Niigata-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located on Honshū island on the coast of the Sea of Japan. The capital is the city of Niigata. The name Niigata literally means "new lagoon".
Niigata prefecture was originally divided into Echigo Province and Sado Province until the Meiji Restoration. During the Sengoku period, the Nagao clan, who were at times vassals to the Uesugi, ruled Kasugayama Castle and the surrounding fief located in the west of modern Niigata. The most notable member of the Nagao clan was Nagao Kagetora who was later and is better known as Uesugi Kenshin. He unified the leaders of Echigo Province thus becoming its sole ruler. By taking the surname Uesugi, he became the head of the Uesugi clan and effectively brought their vast realm into his domain.
The city of Niigata-shi is the largest among the cities facing the Sea of Japan. It was the first port on the Sea of Japan to open to foreign trade since the opening of Japan by Matthew Perry in the mid-1800s. It has since played an important role in trade with Russia and northern Korea.
The Etsuzankai organization, led by prime minister Tanaka Kakuei, was highly influential in bringing infrastructure improvements to Niigata in the 1960s and 1970s, including the Joetsu Shinkansen high speed rail line and Kanetsu Expressway to Tokyo.
A freighter from North Korea visits Niigata once a month, one of the few direct contacts with the communist country.
On October 23, 2004, the Chūetsu earthquake struck Niigata Prefecture, which was measured at Shindo 6+ at Ojiya.
On January 9, 2006, a heavy winter storm struck the prefecture and its surroundings. At least 71 people died and over a thousand were injured.
On July 16, 2007, the earthquake hit the area.
Niigata Prefecture hosts the Fuji Rock Festival, an annual rock festival in Naeba ski resort. The three-day event, organized by Smash Japan, features more than 200 Japanese and international musicians. It is one of the largest outdoor music event in Japan, with more than 100,000 people attending in 2005.
Niigata (新潟県, niigataken) est une préfecture du Japon située au nord de Honshū.
La préfecture de Niigata provient de la fusion de deux anciennes provinces: Echigo et Sado et a acquis sa forme actuelle en mai 1886, après la réforme des préfectures consécutive à la chute du shogunat d’Edo.
Depuis 1858, la préfecture de Niigata constituait la seule interface commerciale du Japon avec le reste du monde avec l'ouverture du port de Niigata suite à un traité d'amitié avec les États-Unis d'Amérique. Des comptoirs principalement étasuniens, hollandais et britanniques s'y sont établis.
Par la suite, le gouvernement impérial japonais a autorisé l'ouverture sur le monde d’autres ports autour de Niigata, tels que Kōbe, Yokohama ou Nagasaki.
Le soixantième anniversaire de l'application de la loi locale d'autonomie-Préfecture de Niigata
Niigata prefecture (新潟県, Niigata-ken) is a prefecture of Japan located on Honshū island on the coast of the Sea of Japan. The capital is the city of Niigata. The name Niigata literally means "new lagoon".
Niigata prefecture was originally divided into Echigo Province and Sado Province until the Meiji Restoration. During the Sengoku period, the Nagao clan, who were at times vassals to the Uesugi, ruled Kasugayama Castle and the surrounding fief located in the west of modern Niigata. The most notable member of the Nagao clan was Nagao Kagetora who was later and is better known as Uesugi Kenshin. He unified the leaders of Echigo Province thus becoming its sole ruler. By taking the surname Uesugi, he became the head of the Uesugi clan and effectively brought their vast realm into his domain.
The city of Niigata-shi is the largest among the cities facing the Sea of Japan. It was the first port on the Sea of Japan to open to foreign trade since the opening of Japan by Matthew Perry in the mid-1800s. It has since played an important role in trade with Russia and northern Korea.
The Etsuzankai organization, led by prime minister Tanaka Kakuei, was highly influential in bringing infrastructure improvements to Niigata in the 1960s and 1970s, including the Joetsu Shinkansen high speed rail line and Kanetsu Expressway to Tokyo.
A freighter from North Korea visits Niigata once a month, one of the few direct contacts with the communist country.
On October 23, 2004, the Chūetsu earthquake struck Niigata Prefecture, which was measured at Shindo 6+ at Ojiya.
On January 9, 2006, a heavy winter storm struck the prefecture and its surroundings. At least 71 people died and over a thousand were injured.
On July 16, 2007, the earthquake hit the area.
Niigata Prefecture hosts the Fuji Rock Festival, an annual rock festival in Naeba ski resort. The three-day event, organized by Smash Japan, features more than 200 Japanese and international musicians. It is one of the largest outdoor music event in Japan, with more than 100,000 people attending in 2005.
Niigata (新潟県, niigataken) est une préfecture du Japon située au nord de Honshū.
La préfecture de Niigata provient de la fusion de deux anciennes provinces: Echigo et Sado et a acquis sa forme actuelle en mai 1886, après la réforme des préfectures consécutive à la chute du shogunat d’Edo.
Depuis 1858, la préfecture de Niigata constituait la seule interface commerciale du Japon avec le reste du monde avec l'ouverture du port de Niigata suite à un traité d'amitié avec les États-Unis d'Amérique. Des comptoirs principalement étasuniens, hollandais et britanniques s'y sont établis.
Par la suite, le gouvernement impérial japonais a autorisé l'ouverture sur le monde d’autres ports autour de Niigata, tels que Kōbe, Yokohama ou Nagasaki.
Monday, July 27, 2009
Wednesday, July 22, 2009
maximum card from Japan／cartes-maximum du Japon
PRESERVE THE POLAR REGIONS AND THE GLACIERS／
PRÉSERVEZ LES RÉGIONS POLAIRES ET LES GLACIERS
(maximum card of Polar Bear／cartes-maximum d'ours polaire)
PRÉSERVEZ LES RÉGIONS POLAIRES ET LES GLACIERS
(maximum card of Polar Bear／cartes-maximum d'ours polaire)
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
taiwan 
cover or postcard 
FDC 
